Lions' Maximal Regularity Problem for Divergence-Form Differential Operators: Failure at the 1/2-Hölder Endpoint

Lukas Niebel

Niebel constructs a real scalar diffusion coefficient on a bounded interval that is bounded, uniformly elliptic, one-half Hölder in time with spatial L∞ values, and arbitrarily close to the heat coefficient, yet its zero-data variational solution with continuous L² forcing has a time derivative outside space-time L². Extensions give real symmetric isotropic counterexamples in all dimensions and bounded domains.

Sources for this record

What was already known

Positive maximal-regularity results required time Hölder exponent greater than one half. Earlier endpoint counterexamples did not settle the real scalar, spatially continuous one-dimensional case posed by Auscher and Egert.

AI involvement AI-centered

Niebel reports that GPT-5.5 Pro found the initial counterexample. He verified and studied it, reduced it to one dimension, built the extensions and checked every mathematical claim and calculation.

GPT-5.5 Pro supplied the first counterexample, while Niebel's essential simplification and one-dimensional reduction define the stronger final claim.

Importance Notable

The construction answers that endpoint question negatively under unusually strong scalar and spatial regularity conditions.

Limitations

GPT-5.5 Pro found an initial two-dimensional example; Niebel made the essential one-dimensional reduction and final extensions. The source does not map every feature of the final coefficient to the model example.

Technical verification Formal (human)

Niebel explicitly reports critical review and verification of all final mathematical claims and calculations, including the retained counterexample. This is a source-reported complete human author check, not an AIProofWatch reproduction.

Independent checking

Critical review and verification of all mathematical claims, calculations and AI-generated suggestions after simplifying the first model example

Checker
Lukas Niebel, human author
Scope
The final one-dimensional half-Hölder counterexample and its full-space and bounded-domain consequences
Basis
Reported by the linked checker
Evidence source

Human understanding Full

Niebel studied and simplified the model's example, reduced it to one dimension, and explains the oscillatory-mode and shrinking-time-block mechanism in the paper.

Correction and publication history