A quantum oracle separation between QMA(2) and QMA

John Bostanci, Sabee Grewal, Jonas Haferkamp, Andrew Huang, Yeongwoo Hwang, Anand Natarajan, Chinmay Nirkhe

Bostanci and coauthors construct a unitary quantum oracle U for which QMA(2)^U differs from QMA^U. Their oracle problem has a one-query QMA(2) protocol with linear-size unentangled proofs, while QMA needs exponential resources in query count or proof size.

Sources for this record

What was already known

The general unentanglement oracle question was open; earlier approximate-disentangler lower bounds covered restricted error or model regimes.

AI involvement AI-centered

The seven authors credit ChatGPT 5.6 Sol with the central proof idea after prompts to use the She–Yuen method. They combined, checked and developed the final argument.

The model supplied the central proof idea, while humans selected the She–Yuen starting point, merged accounts, verified and developed the final theorem and consequences.

Importance Major

Resolves the unitary-oracle separation question and gives an exponential input-size bound for approximate disentanglers when ε+δ<1.

Limitations

An oracle separation does not separate the unrelativized classes. A later classical-oracle result is separate work, and the authors’ verification of this proof was not independently repeated.

Technical verification Formal (human)

The authors explicitly say they verified the argument presented in the paper. This is a reported human check of the final proof; no independent rerun or machine formalization is documented.

Independent checking

author verification, simplification and development of the model-origin proof idea

Checker
John Bostanci, Sabee Grewal, Jonas Haferkamp, Andrew Huang, Yeongwoo Hwang, Anand Natarajan and Chinmay Nirkhe
Scope
main unitary-oracle separation argument and resulting no-disentanglers theorem
Basis
Reported by the linked checker
Evidence source

Human understanding Full

The authors explain how projectors with opposite product-state behavior reduce the invariant-polynomial lower bound to approximate degree of OR and derive the disentangler consequence.

Correction and publication history

2026-10-18 · publication

This assessment covers the unitary-oracle separation; the later classical-oracle result is separate.

Read this published revision