OpenAI reports Gaussian free-field limits for weighted Lipschitz heights

For each fixed edge-change weight x∈[1/√2,1], zero-boundary integer Lipschitz heights on triangular-lattice inside approximations of a bounded C² Jordan domain converge, after division by a positive x-dependent constant, to the zero-Dirichlet Gaussian free field as a random distribution.

Sources for this record

What was already known

Earlier work established macroscopic loops, delocalization, and logarithmic height variances for related weighted or uniform models; these roughness results did not identify the full limiting field.

AI involvement AI-led

OpenAI credits itself as manuscript author and states that its internal frontier model produced the results in this release. Individual human input is not detailed enough to establish task-only autonomy.

OpenAI is named as author on the manuscript, and its release attributes the results to an internal frontier model. The individual human input is not detailed enough to establish autonomy.

Importance Notable

Establishes the GFF field limit across the stated weighted regime, including its predicted critical endpoint.

Limitations

The boundary is zero and the domain/approximation regularity is specified; the normalization constant may depend on x, and the theorem does not settle the full loop-model phase diagram. No completed proof check was documented in the available sources.

Technical verification Reported

Reported is the default when evidence for a higher level is insufficient. The OpenAI-authored manuscript reports and argues the result, but the reviewed sources do not document a completed check of the full assessed claim.

Human understanding Few

Few is the default when evidence for a higher level is insufficient. No named person is documented as explaining the central argument for this assessed contribution.

Correction and publication history

2026-10-18 · publication

Primary manuscript, attribution, and prior-work review for non-notifying local inclusion; technical check remains undocumented.

Read this published revision