OpenAI reports positive-temperature condensation for dilute hard spheres

For each hard-sphere radius a>0 and every sufficiently small fixed density ρ>0, there is a temperature T(a,ρ)>0 independent of volume at which the exact three-dimensional canonical Gibbs state has a positive condensate fraction in the constant orbital as N/L³ tends to ρ.

Sources for this record

What was already known

Ground-state condensation for the dilute hard-sphere gas was known; positive-temperature condensation in the exact interacting three-dimensional hard-sphere canonical state remained unproved.

AI involvement AI-led

OpenAI credits itself as manuscript author and states that its internal frontier model produced the results in this release. Individual human input is not detailed enough to establish task-only autonomy.

OpenAI is named as author on the manuscript, and its release attributes the results to an internal frontier model. The individual human input is not detailed enough to establish autonomy.

Importance Major

Establishes macroscopic coherence at a fixed positive temperature in the exact dilute hard-sphere model.

Limitations

The linked Lean note checks zero-temperature ground-state condensation only; it gives no check of the positive-temperature Gibbs-state claim.

Technical verification Reported

Reported is the default when evidence for a higher level is insufficient. The OpenAI-authored manuscript reports and argues the result, but the reviewed sources do not document a completed check of the full assessed claim.

Human understanding Few

Few is the default when evidence for a higher level is insufficient. No named person is documented as explaining the central argument for this assessed contribution.

Correction and publication history

2026-10-18 · publication

Primary manuscript, attribution, prior-work, and scoped checking review for non-notifying local inclusion.

Read this published revision