OpenAI reports the circulant Hadamard classification

A real circulant Hadamard matrix of positive order n exists exactly when n=1 or n=4.

Sources for this record

What was already known

The Ryser circulant Hadamard conjecture had ruled out many orders but remained open in full; its even Barker-sequence consequence likewise remained unresolved.

AI involvement AI-led

OpenAI credits itself as manuscript author and states that its internal frontier model produced the results in this release. Individual human input is not detailed enough to establish task-only autonomy.

OpenAI is named as author on the manuscript, and its release attributes the results to an internal frontier model. The individual human input is not detailed enough to establish autonomy.

Importance Major

Settles the circulant Hadamard conjecture and the remaining even-length obstruction for Barker sequences.

Limitations

The Lean scope checks the exact circulant classification and even Barker lengths. The manuscript’s full list of odd Barker lengths relies on separate earlier work and is outside this selected claim.

Technical verification Formal (Lean 4)

OpenAI reports a Lean proof matching the selected claim.

Formal checking

The pinned OpenAI Lean scope note identifies this selected claim.

Checker
OpenAI-reported Lean 4 / Comparator
Scope
A real circulant Hadamard matrix of positive order n exists exactly when n=1 or n=4.
Basis
Reported by the linked checker
Evidence source

Checking a formal statement does not establish that it matches the original problem.

Human understanding Few

Few is the default when evidence for a higher level is insufficient. No named person is documented as explaining the central argument for this assessed contribution.

Correction and publication history

2026-10-18 · publication

Primary manuscript, attribution, prior-work, and precise partial or mismatched Lean-scope review for non-notifying local inclusion.

Read this published revision