AI-led proof gives a linear Betti bound for four-generated semigroups

For a minimally four-generated numerical semigroup S=⟨n₀<n₁<n₂<n₃⟩, the minimal number of generators of its toric ideal is at most 2W over any field, where W=(n₃−n₀)/gcd(n₁−n₀,n₂−n₀,n₃−n₀). Consequently it is at most twice the ordinary width n₃−n₀.

Sources for this record

What was already known

The cited width conjectures proposed a quadratic upper bound for this setting; a prior four-generator result covered sufficiently large width.

AI involvement AI-led

Ben Keene chose and supervised the target. GPT-6 Astra found the retained combinatorial argument, and Claude agents built its Lean proof.

Astra originated the retained proof, and Claude built its formal version, under Keene's target selection and supervision.

Importance Notable

Replaces a quadratic bound with a linear one for all minimally four-generated numerical semigroups.

Limitations

The claims that the bound is attained at every width, a second proof, and reverse bridge equality are outside the formalized result. Comparator replay and external human proof review are not documented for the cited revision.

Technical verification Formal (Lean 4/Mathlib kernel and axiom audit)

The two upper bounds are reported built and kernel-checked in Lean with permitted axioms. Comparator had not yet run at the cited source; sharpness and the reverse bridge are not included.

Formal checking

The two upper bounds are reported built and kernel-checked in Lean with permitted axioms. Comparator had not yet run at the pinned source; sharpness and the reverse bridge are not included.

Checker
Lean 4 kernel
Scope
SemigroupBetti.beta1_le_two_mul_normalizedWidth and beta1_le_two_mul_width
Basis
Reported by the linked checker
Evidence source

Checking a formal statement does not establish that it matches the original problem.

Human understanding Few

The repository has a readable informal proof, but does not identify a human who explains its central fiber-graph mechanism; Few is the evidence-gap default, not a finding that Keene lacks understanding.

Correction and publication history

2026-10-18 · publication

Replaces a quadratic bound with a linear one for all minimally four-generated numerical semigroups.

Read this published revision